Bankruptcy... is a very serious situation. Having a bankruptcy order made against you could result in the loss of all your assets including your home. You would also lose any assets you acquire until you are discharged. Bankruptcy can result in you being forced to stop trading, and losing your professional status. It can adversely affect your employment or future prospects. It will place stringent controls on your financial affairs and wreck your credit rating for years to come.

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General Information about Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is a complex subject based on medieval concepts. It is grossly unfair, inefficient and regularly mis-used as a means of collecting debts. It is detrimental to all parties concerned.

In England and Wales it is defined by the 1986 Insolvency Act . The current Government has realised some of the shortcomings of present legislation and the new Enterprise Bill that is currently before Parliament is intended to address some of the shortcomings of the present Act. However, it totally fails to offer any proper solutions.

Bankruptcy is a very public humiliation and the repercussions on the bankrupt life for years to come can be immense.

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A Guide to Bankruptcy

• On bankruptcy, all your existing debts are written off.
• However: your assets, including any bank accounts, are frozen;
• you will be interviewed at the Official Receiver's office;
• you must disclose all your assets, liabilities and earnings;
• your Trustee/Official Receiver will assess your income with a view to obtaining voluntary contributions from you over the period;
• your bankruptcy is advertised
• Bankruptcy lasts for three years (or two years if your debts are less than £20,000 and you file your own petition ), during that time

you cannot;

• obtain credit over £250 without telling people you are bankrupt;
• act as a director of a limited company or be involved in its management without leave of the Court;
• be involved in a partnership.
  
  

You can:

• earn money either as an employee or self employed trading in your own name;
• operate a bank account though this will be in credit at all times;
• retain a motor vehicle so long as the Official Receiver or Trustee will accept it as exempt property;
• retain household furniture and effects sufficient for the basic domestic needs of yourself and your family;
  
  

During the period you cannot own anything and anything that you do own on bankruptcy (eg property) becomes the property of the Official Receiver. He, or your Trustee, will take steps to realise assets for the benefit of creditors.

Your property will be offered first to members of your family giving them the option to purchase your share of the equity before it is placed for sale on the open market. If the property or any other asset remains unsold when your bankruptcy it does not revert to you but will be realized by your Trustee at a later date. For example, a property which may not have any equity in it on bankruptcy may appreciate in value and so cost more to buy back when the period has ended.

Should you receive a windfall during the period then this will form part of your Estate and must be paid over to the Trustee.

You should co-operate and disclose your whereabouts and earning to your Trustee/Official Receiver at all times.

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What is Bankruptcy?

Bankruptcy is an option that often has to be considered when an individual cannot pay their debts as they fall due. For a first time bankruptcy within a 15 year period, for debts under £20,000, the procedure is known as a Summary Administration and you may be discharged after two years. A first time bankrupt with debts over £20,000 may be discharged after three years.
Although bankruptcy has a bad stigma and is publicly advertised, it should always be considered when dealing with individual insolvency cases.

Please note that if your are ever faced with the prospect of bankruptcy you should look at alternatives as soon as possible such as the Individual Voluntary Arrangement procedure (IVA).


Bankruptcy is one way of dealing with debts you cannot pay. The bankruptcy proceedings:-

• free you from overwhelming debts so you can make a fresh start, subject to some restrictions
• make sure your assets are shared out fairly among your creditors.
  

Anyone can go bankrupt, including individual members of a partnership. There are different insolvency procedures for dealing with companies and for partnerships themselves.

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How are you made bankrupt?

An individual can be made bankrupt either in one of three ways.

1. Voluntarily - By the debtor themselves.
2. Involuntarily - By the creditor owed money (£750 Minimum).
3. The supervisor or anyone bound by an IVA
   
   

A bankruptcy order can still be made even if you refuse to acknowledge the proceedings or refuse to agree to them. You should therefore co-operate fully once the bankruptcy proceedings have begun. If you dispute the creditor’s claim, you should try and reach a settlement before the bankruptcy petition is due to be heard. Trying to do so after the bankruptcy order is made is both difficult and expensive.

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What are the implications of bankruptcy?

• You lose control of your assets.
• You cannot obtain credit for over £250 without the permission from the lender.
• You cannot act as a company director.
• You cannot take any part in the promotion, formation or management of a limited company (LTD) without the permission of the court.
• You cannot trade in any business under any other name unless you inform all persons concerned of the bankruptcy.
• You may not practice as a Charted Accountant / Lawyer
• You may not act as a Justice of the peace (JP)
• You may not become an member of parliament
• You may not become a member of the local authority.
• Your credit is affected for many years after the annulment.
• You may be publicly examined in court.
  
  
  

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What are the advantages of bankruptcy?

• For the person involved, bankruptcy provides relative peace of mind and possible automatic discharge after two or three years.
• For the creditors, bankruptcy allows a full investigation of the debtor's affairs to be carried out.
  

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Bankruptcy - Additional Facts

Where is the bankruptcy order made?
Who will deal with your case?
What are your duties as a bankrupt?
How will bankruptcy affect you?
Payment to creditors
What happens to your home?
What are the restrictions on a bankrupt?
Becoming free from bankruptcy
Debts incurred after you have been made bankrupt


Where is the bankruptcy order made?

Bankruptcy petitions are usually presented at the High Court in London or a county court near to where you trade or live. A petition can be presented against you even if you are not present in England or Wales at that time. This can happen when:
you normally live in, or within the previous 3 years have had residential or business connections with, England and Wales

If you want to make yourself bankrupt, you should contact a county court (unless you live or have traded in London, then you should contact the High Court). The address and telephone number of your local county court is listed under “Courts” in the telephone book: references here are to civil courts - the county courts - not magistrates’ courts. Staff at the county court will tell you the name, address and telephone number of the county court where you should present your petition.
You will normally have to pay £120 as a court fee but in certain circumstances (for example, if you are on income support), the court may not ask you to pay this fee. However, you will have to pay £250 towards the cost of the administration of your bankruptcy by the Official Receiver.
Sometimes government departments start bankruptcy proceedings in the High Court in London or in one of the District Registries. If you did not trade or do not live in the London area, your case will usually be transferred to the appropriate local county court and dealt with by the local Official Receiver, if a bankruptcy order is made.
Once the bankruptcy order has been made, it is advertised in “The London Gazette” (an official publication which contains legal notices) and in a local or national newspaper (or both). In addition the Official Receiver will give written notice of the order to a number of organisations
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Who will deal with your case?

a. The Official Receiver

An Official Receiver is appointed by the Secretary of State and is an officer of the court. The Official Receiver has responsibility for administering your bankruptcy and protecting your assets from the date of the bankruptcy order. He or she will also act as trustee of your bankruptcy estate unless an insolvency practitioner is appointed.
The Official Receiver is also responsible for looking into your financial affairs for the period before and during your bankruptcy. He or she may report to the court and has to report to your creditors. There will also be a need to report any matters which indicate that you may have committed criminal offences in connection with your bankruptcy.
The Official Receiver will give notice of the bankruptcy order to local authorities, utility suppliers, courts, sheriffs, bailiffs, Premium Bond Office, Land Registry and any relevant professional bodies. Enquiries will also be made of banks, building societies, mortgage, pension and insurance companies, solicitors, landlords and any other persons or organisations who may be able to provide details of any assets or liabilities that you have, or have had, an interest in (either on your own or jointly with others). Third parties will also be asked about any other matters relating to your bankruptcy.

b. An insolvency practitioner

Insolvency practitioners are individuals who specialise in insolvency work. An insolvency practitioner, who must be authorised, can be appointed trustee instead of the Official Receiver. He or she is then responsible for disposing of your assets and making payments to your creditors.


What are your duties as a bankrupt?

When a bankruptcy order has been made, you must:

• comply with the Official Receiver’s request to provide information about your financial affairs. The Official Receiver will be likely to request that you attend at his or her office for an interview - the Court will give you the address of the Official Receiver. (Note, usually before the interview, you will be sent or given a questionnaire which you should fill in as fully and accurately as possible.) If the Official Receiver does not ask that you attend at the office for an interview, you will be sent a letter which will set out what is required of you. Again it is likely that you will be asked to complete a questionnaire. You should note that in either circumstance, any questionnaire completed before the bankruptcy order, supplied to you by an advisor or another third party, will not be acceptable;
  give the Official Receiver a full list of your assets and details of what you owe and to whom (your creditors);
• look after and then hand over your assets to the Official Receiver together with all your books, records, bank statements, insurance policies and other papers relating to your property and financial affairs;
• tell your trustee about assets and increases in income you obtain during your bankruptcy. (Note: by law you must inform your trustee of any property which becomes yours during the bankruptcy. Such property includes lump sum cash payments that you may receive, for example, redundancy payments, property or money left in a will);
• stop using your bank, building society, credit card and similar accounts straightaway
• not obtain credit of £250 or more from any person without first disclosing the fact that you are bankrupt
• not make payments direct to your creditors
• You may also have to go to court and explain why you are in debt. If you do not co-operate, you could be arrested.
  
  
  
  

How will bankruptcy affect you?

a. In relation to your creditors
If you are made bankrupt, you must not make payments direct to creditors. Creditors to whom you owe money when you are made bankrupt make a claim to your trustee (that is, either the Official Receiver or an insolvency practitioner). They should not ask you directly for payment; if you receive any requests, pass them immediately to your trustee to deal with and tell the creditor that you are bankrupt. There are some very limited exceptions to this non-payment rule. The main ones are:
creditors who have a mortgage or charge on your home (if mortgage payments are not made, the lender may sell your home);
court fines and other obligations arising under an order made in family proceedings or under a maintenance assessment made under the Child Support Act 1991.

Suppliers of services to your home (gas, electricity, water and telephone) may not demand from you payment of bills in your name which are unpaid at the date of the bankruptcy order. But they may ask you for a deposit towards payment for further supplies or could arrange for the accounts to be transferred into the name of your spouse or partner. You must pay continuing commitments such as rent (if you rent your home), together with any debts you incur after the bankruptcy.

b. Your assets
You will no longer control your assets. If you have a business, this will normally be closed and your employees dismissed.

You can keep the following items unless their individual value is more than the cost of a reasonable replacement:

tools, books, vehicles and other items of equipment which you need to use personally in your employment, business or vocation;
clothing, bedding, furniture, household equipment and other basic items you and your family need in the home

All these items must be disclosed to the Official Receiver who will then decide whether you can keep them
The Official Receiver/trustee will take control of all your other assets on the making of the bankruptcy order. He or she, or any insolvency practitioner who is appointed as trustee, will dispose of them and use the money to pay the fees, costs and expenses of the bankruptcy and then your creditors.
The trustee may apply to the court for an order restoring property to him or her if you disposed of it in a way which was unfair to your creditors (for example, if before bankruptcy you had transferred property to a relative for less than its worth).
The trustee may claim property which you obtain or which passes to you (for example, under a will) while you are bankrupt and may ask the court to order you to pay part of your wages, salary or other income to him or her if your income is more than you and your family need to live on while you are bankrupt.
Student loans under the Education (Student Loans) Act 1990, which are made either before or after the start of a student’s bankruptcy, are not regarded as assets which may be claimed by the trustee (where a balance of the loan remains). In addition any money repayable under the terms of the loan is not regarded as a liability. The effect of this is that the administrators of the loans scheme are not regarded as creditors in the bankruptcy, so you are not released from repaying the outstanding portion of the loan when you become discharged from bankruptcy.
Loans made under the Education (Student Support) Regulations 1999, following the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998, are not regarded as assets which may be claimed by a trustee (as before). But money repayable under such a loan is a liability for bankruptcy purposes, so it is released when you become discharged from bankruptcy.

c. Your pension
The effect of the bankruptcy on your pension rights will depend on such things as:
whether you are a member of an occupational pension scheme or have a personal pension;
any scheme rules about what happens to the pension in the event of bankruptcy;
and
the date at which your pension became or would become payable to you

You and your spouse or any dependant who has an interest in your pension may wish to seek independent advice about this. But you must disclose full details of the pension to the Official Receiver/trustee who can consider whether there is an interest which passes to him or her.
Note: For further information on pensions in bankruptcy, please see the leaflet “What will happen to my pension?”, available from your local Official Receiver’s office or Alcone Marketing Group (address on back cover).

d. Your life assurance policy
Generally, your trustee will be able to claim any interest that you have in a life assurance policy. The trustee may be entitled to sell or surrender the policy and collect any proceeds on behalf of your creditors. If the life assurance policy is held in joint names, for instance with your husband or wife, that other person is likely to have an interest in the policy and should contact the trustee immediately to discuss how their interest in the policy should be dealt with. You may want the policy to be kept going. Ask your trustee: it may be possible for your interest to be transferred for an amount equivalent to the present value of that interest.
If the life assurance policy has been legally charged to any person, for instance an endowment policy used as security for the mortgage on your home, the rights of the secured creditor will not be affected by the making of the bankruptcy order. But any remaining value in the policy may belong to your trustee.

e. Work-related registrations, licences and permissions
Generally, your trustee will be able to claim any interest that you have in a life assurance policy. The trustee may be entitled to sell or surrender the policy and collect any proceeds on behalf of your creditors. If the life assurance policy is held in joint names, for instance with your husband or wife, that other person is likely to have an interest in the policy and should contact the trustee immediately to discuss how their interest in the policy should be dealt with. You may want the policy to be kept going. Ask your trustee: it may be possible for your interest to be transferred for an amount equivalent to the present value of that interest.
Any registration, licence or permission you hold in connection with your work or trade might be affected by the making of the bankruptcy order. You should inform the person who issued the registration or authority of your bankruptcy to establish if it will remain in force or will be cancelled or withdrawn. Any value attaching to these items may belong to the trustee.
In considering this issue you should disregard items of a personal nature such as a driving licence.


Payment to creditors

The Official Receiver will tell your creditors you are bankrupt. He or she may either act as the trustee or may arrange a meeting of creditors for them to choose an insolvency practitioner to be the trustee. This happens if you appear to have significant assets. You may have to go to this (or any other) meeting of your creditors.
The trustee will tell the creditors how much money will be shared out in the bankruptcy. Creditors then have to make their formal claims. The costs of the bankruptcy proceedings are paid first from the money that is available. The costs include fees that the Official Receiver or the insolvency practitioner charge for administering your case. At least part of the claims from your employees and government departments (such as the Inland Revenue and HM Customs and Excise) may be preferential and are paid next.
Finally, other creditors are paid, together with interest on all debts, as far as there are funds available from the sale of your assets. If there is a surplus, it will be returned to you. You would then be able to apply to the court to have your bankruptcy ‘annulled’(cancelled).


What happens to your home

If you own your home, whether freehold or leasehold, solely or jointly, mortgaged or otherwise, your interest in the home will form part of your estate which will be dealt with by your trustee. The home may have to be sold to go towards paying your debts.
If your husband, wife or children are living with you, it may be possible for the sale in the bankruptcy to be put off until after the end of the first year of your bankruptcy. This gives time for other housing arrangements to be made. Your husband, wife, partner, a relative or friend may be able to buy your interest in your home from the trustee. This may be so even if that interest is very small, worth nothing or you owe more on the house than it is currently worth. Such a purchase would prevent a sale of the property by the trustee at a future date. Your spouse or any other interested party should be encouraged to take legal advice about the home as soon as possible.
If the trustee cannot, for the time being, sell your home, he or she may obtain a charging order on your interest in it. If a charging order is obtained, your interest in the property will be returned to you, but the legal charge over your interest will remain. The amount covered by the legal charge will be the total sum owed in the bankruptcy (including the costs and money interest). This sum must be paid from your share of the proceeds when you sell the property.
Until your interest in the home is sold, or until the trustee obtains a charging order over it, that interest will continue to belong to the trustee, including any increase in its value. Therefore, the benefit of any increase in value will go to the trustee to pay your debts, even if the home is sold some time after you have been discharged from bankruptcy: the increase in the benefit will not be yours.
If you rent your home, the trustee will normally have no interest in it and therefore cannot sell it. However, if you do not comply with the terms of the tenancy agreement, the landlord may take action against you. In most cases the Official Receiver or your trustee will need to tell your landlord that you are bankrupt


What are the restrictions on a bankrupt?

The following are criminal offences for an undischarged bankrupt:

• obtaining credit of £250 or more either alone or with another person, without disclosing your bankruptcy. (Note: this is not just borrowing money - it includes your getting credit as a result of a statement or conduct which is designed to get credit, even though you have not made a specific agreement for it. For example, ordering goods without asking for credit and then failing to pay for them when they are delivered);
• carrying on business (directly or indirectly) in a different name from that in which you were made bankrupt, without telling all those with whom you do business the name in which you were made bankrupt;
• being concerned (directly or indirectly) in promoting, forming or managing a limited company, or acting as a company director, without the court’s permission, whether formally appointed as a director or not.
• You may not hold certain public offices.
• You may not hold office as a trustee of a charity or a pension fund.
• After the bankruptcy order, you may open a new bank or building society account but you should tell them you are bankrupt; they may impose conditions and limitations. You should ensure you do not obtain overdraft facilities without informing the bank that you are bankrupt or write cheques which are likely to be dishonoured. Tell your trustee about any money you have in the account which is more than you need for your reasonable living expenses. Your trustee can claim the surplus amounts to pay your creditors.

Note: If you wish to resume trading, you should be aware of the need to register again for VAT if you meet the registration requirments. You should not continue to use your pre-bankruptcy VAT registration number.


Becoming free from bankruptcy

a. How long does bankruptcy last?
Generally you will be automatically freed from bankruptcy (known as “discharged”) after 3 years. If your bankruptcy order refers to a “certificate of summary administration”, you will be discharged after 2 years - for details of summary administration, see section 18. You will also become free from bankruptcy immediately if the court annuls (cancels) the bankruptcy order; this would normally happen when your debts and the fees and expenses of the bankruptcy proceedings have been paid in full or the bankruptcy order should not have been made.
On the other hand, if you have not carried out your duties under the bankruptcy proceedings, the Official Receiver may apply to the court for your discharge to be postponed. If the court agrees, your bankruptcy will only end when the suspension has been lifted and the time remaining on your bankruptcy period has run.
You will not get an automatic discharge from bankruptcy if you have been an undischarged bankrupt at any time during the 15 years before the current bankruptcy (unless the previous bankruptcy has been annulled). If this applies to you, and you wish to obtain your discharge, you must ask the court. You may do this at any time after 5 years from the date of your current bankruptcy order. Even then the court may refuse or delay your discharge, or grant it conditionally on terms requiring you to make some payments out of your income.

b. Debts
Discharge releases you from most of the debts you owed at the date of the bankruptcy order. Exceptions include fines, debts arising from fraud and any claims which cannot be made in the bankruptcy itself, including Student Loans (see section 7). You will only be released from a liability to pay damages for personal injuries to any person if the court thinks fit.
When you are discharged you can borrow money or carry on business without the restrictions previously referred to. You can act as a limited company director unless you are disqualified from doing so as a result of a separate order arising out of your involvement with a company.

c. Assets you owned or obtained before your discharge
When you are discharged there may still be assets that you owned, either when your bankruptcy began, or which you obtained before your discharge, which the trustee has not yet dealt with. Examples of these may be the interest in your home, a pension or assurance policy or an interest in a will or trust fund. These assets are still controlled by the trustee who can deal with them at any time in the future. This may not be for a number of years after your discharge. These assets do not return to you
With some assets - such as your home and some types of assurance policy - your spouse, a partner, a relative or friend may want to buy your interest. He or she should get in touch with the trustee straightaway to find out how much they would have to pay.
You must tell the Official Receiver about assets you obtain after the trustee has finished dealing with your case but before you are discharged. These assets could be claimed to pay your creditors. You have a duty to continue to assist your trustee after you have been discharged

d. Assets you obtain after your discharge
Usually you may keep all assets you acquire after your discharge
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Debts incurred after you have been made bankrupt

The following are criminal offences for an undischarged bankrupt:
Bankruptcy deals with your debts at the date of the bankruptcy order. After that date you should manage your finances more carefully. If you incur new debts this could result in:

a further bankruptcy order even before you are discharged from the first bankruptcy;
prosecution if, when you incurred the debts, you did not disclose that you were bankrupt.

You will not be entitled to an automatic discharge from a second bankruptcy if you have been an undischarged bankrupt at any time in the 15 years before the current bankruptcy.